Renewable Energies ( Javier Solano, Aitana Leret, Aida Zhilkibayeva and Antonio Moreno)

Renewable Energies Spain:

Renewable energy supplied in 2010 the 35% of electricity consumed. We produced: Wind power,  Solar Thermal, Solar Photovoltaic, Solar Thermoelectric, Biomass, Biogas, Biofuels, Small hydro, Marine Energy and Geothermal.

 

Wind power alone supplied 16 percent of electricity. At 1st January 2010, accumulated wind energy capacity in Spain stood at 19,050 MW, a figure that is only surpassed by the United States, Germany and China and close to the target of 20,155 MW established in the Renewable Energies Plan for the end of 2010. Having generated close to 36,000 GWh of electricity during 2009, wind power which on occasions covered more than 50% of total electricity demand at specific times met 14% of total electricity demand in Spain. in other words, wind power in Spain provides enough electricity in a year to meet the demand of almost nine million homes.

 

 

Solar Thermal Three quarters (232 MW) of the 307 MW of solar thermal electric capacity installed in the last decade around the world is in Spain, and more than 1,346 MW is under construction (around 400 MW of which will be commissioned during 2010) and 843MW at an advanced stage of development. This will result in an installed capacity of more than 2,400 MW in Spain by 2013.The first commercial central tower plant supplying power to  the grid was the PS10 plant (Sanlúcar la Mayor, Seville), which  was commissioned in 2006. Since then, the solar thermal electric industry has not stopped growing in our country.

All four solar thermal electric technologies are in use in Spain.  The most widely developed at a commercial scale is the parabolic trough receiver, which makes up 93% of the 2,500 MW that will be rolled out by 2013. Central tower receivers account for close to 3%, as do parabolic disks that are normally connected to Sterling engines, while linear Fresnel receivers make up little more than 1% of all plants

Solar Photovoltaic Spain has the second largest installed capacity in European and is world leader in terms of capacity per habitant, with 75.2 watts per capita. This technology truly took off in Spain in 2008. In that year, 2,715 MW of capacity was installed, representing an increase of 500% from that installed in 2007.

Constantly falling photovoltaic panel prices, which reflect the economies of scale and improvements in the technological learning curve on a day-to-day basis, coincided with financial optimism, the diversification of many companies’ activities, and regulatory changes, to drive this technology to levels that were unimaginable a few years previously. This was true not just in Spain but across Europe, where installed capacity was doubled in 2008, with 4.6 GW being added to take total accumulated photovoltaic capacity to 9.5 GW, according to EurObserv’ER data.

Biomass: Spain has experienced recent but rapid growth in the use of biomass for heating applications, which has given rise to a new economic activity involving the manufacture of densified fuels.

Numerous industrialists from a variety of sectors are making investments, enabling production capacity to multiply approximately ten-fold in recent years from 60,000 t/year in 2004 to close to 600,000 t/year in 2009. Meanwhile, in relation to biomass heat applications, a number of equipment suppliers exist, especially in the low to medium power range, that sell notable amounts of technology and capacity, chiefly through exports to the American continent

Geothermal: A number of extensive studies and research conducted between the 1970s and beginning of the 1990s showed that Spain has substantial geothermal resources in its subsoil. This work detected and identified several geographical areas with considerable potential. As part of the work to draw up the 2011-2020 Renewable Energies Plan, additional studies are being conducted to complete this information and provide a better assessment of Spain’s geothermal potential.

In contrast to previous plans, the new Renewable Energies Plan will include a specific section on geothermal energy, with specific targets for each temperature gradient: very high temperature, associated with climatisation and the use of heat pumps; low and medium temperature for district or individual heating or other heating applications involving hot water fields; and high temperature for the generation of electricity or other thermal processes using stimulated or dry rock field

Hydro: In 2009, Spain had 13,521 MW of hydropower in plants of over 50 MW. A further 3,077 MW of capacity was installed in plants ranging from 10 to 50 MW, while 1,920 MW was installed in small hydroelectric plants with a capacity of less than 10 MW.Spain has companies that manufacture equipment for this type of power stations.

New advances are being made in turbine design to generate power from small heads, control systems, etc. which will boost plant performance and enable them to adapt to an increasingly scarce and variable resource. In the future, efforts will focus on new installations that use existing hydraulic infrastructures, and on developing a fleet of pure and mixed pumping stations that help in the management of the Spanish electricity system

Marine energies: The most outstanding Spanish projects under way are: the project in Santoña (Cantabria) involving a 40 kW prototype buoy: the first phase of a larger project involving the installation of 10 buoys with a total capacity of 1.4 MW; Project “Calma” in Asturias: an innovative and unique project using home-grown technology to install a 50-MW electricity generation facility developed by the Spanish company, Hidroflot; Project “Pasajes” (Asturias) to commission a highly efficient and cost competitive wave energy device with 500 kW of power; the new seawall in the port of Mutriku (Guipuzcoa) which is based on the oscillating water column principal and involves 16 turbines with a total capacity of 300 kW; a project in Galicia to demonstrate the Pelamis technology; another project to integrate two types of oscillating water column turbines in the La Guardia seawall (Galicia), etc

 

 

Renewable Energies Costa Rica:

About 92.6% of Costa Rica’s power comes from renewable energies. In order of importance these would be hydroelectric, geothermal, wind power and solar.

Hydroelectric: Costa Rica is mostly powered by hydroelectric energy in 2010 76.4% of its energy came from this source. (7,247,960  MWh). In this type of energy 78% is produced by the public sector and 22% by the private sector.

Important hidroelectric plants

 

·       Garita  1958.

·       Río Macho 1963

·       Cachí 1966

·       Arenal 1978

·       Ingeniero Miguel Pablo Dengo 1982

·       Lic. Alberto Echandi 1990

·       Sandillal 1992

·       Toro l y Toro ll  1995, 1996.

·       Angostura 2002.

·       Peñas Blancas 2002.

·       Plantas hidroeléctricas del sistema Miller

·       Cacao 1928

·       Pirrís 2007

·       Cariblanco

·       Garabito 2007.

 

Geothermal: By 2010 12.4% of its energy was supplied by this type of energy. (1,176,016 MWh). Of this energy 82% is produced by the public sector and 18% by the private sector.

Geothermic Plant Las Pailas of Costa Rica can produce 35 MW through the extraction of wáter vapor, in a field near by Rincon de la Vieja Volcano in Guanacaste. Las Pailas will be the second geothermic proyect in Costa Rica after the Miravalles plant, which last phase concluded in 2004.

Wind power: 3.8% of Costa Rica’s energy comes from a aeolic wind farms (358,483   MWh). Tilaran is the are with the mos aeolic potential. Of this wind energy produced 82% is produced by the private sector and 18% by the public sector.

No wind map was found.

 

 

Renewable Energies in Kazakhstan

Wind: The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Kazakhstan and Global Environmental Agency, as in the “Kazakstan—wind power market development initiative” (2004-2011), with the Government of Kazakhstan prepare to launch first wind-power stations in Almaty, Astana, Mangystau, Atyrau, Taraz and Karaganda Oblast. The estimated total capacity may reach 500 wind megawatts.

 

 

Geothermal: Sub-thermal waters with temperatures below 40С are used for early watering of farmlands in spring (Pavlodar, Almaty, Taraz and Southern Kazakhstan oblasts).

Solar: The solar energy resource potential is quite great for the vast territory of the largest Central Asian Republic. The number of sunny hours is 2,200-3,000 per year, and the energy of solar radiation is 1,300-1,800 kW/m2/year. Despite the very favorable conditions for solar energy, there is little use of the resource (as in EBRD Renewable Energy Initiative).

Hydroelectric: Hydropower accounts for approximately 12 percent of Kazakhstan’s total generating capacity. Average annual hydropower generation in Kazakhstan amounts to 7.78 billion kWh (as in EBRD Renewable Energy Initiative).

Solid biomass (includes fuel wood): Energy consumption in 1999 (as the most available information on this energy source) was 73 thousand of metric tons of oil equivalent.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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