Renewable energies Group 6 [Marie, Luca, Patricia]
Brazil
Brazil has general regulations and incentives for the inclusion of renewable energy as part of its national energy matrix base.
The Brazilian Renewable Energy Incentive Program (Proinfa) within the Ministry of Mines and Energy, established the inclusion of solar and wind power plants into the national energy grid with a long-term objective of obtaining at least 10 percent of electricity from these sources (Law No. 10.438of 2002).
Small hydropower plants with install capacity between 1 to 30 MW/h and micro hydropower plants with capacity equal or less than 1 MW/h are also eligible to receive incentives.
The energy generator companies are obliged to apply annually at least 1% of its revenue into energy technology research and development. On the other hand Brazil´s government offers tariff discount on their use of transmission and distribution system.
In addition it offers contract simplification on energy connection; simplifies the measuring system for energy commercialization and establishes specific tariff rules.
Source: ANEEL – Brazil´s National Agency of Electric Energy
Specific Regulation and Incentives by Renewable Energy Sector
Biomass
Federal laws regulating the bioenergy market
In Brazil there is a significant government presence in the bioenergy sector aiming at guiding and assuring the continued existence of bioethanol and biodiesel industries. In the country there are number of important federal laws that frames bioenergy production and consumption, most notably Law No. 9.478 on the National Energy Policy, which sets out the increase of biofuel contribution to the national energy matrix based on economic, social and environmental considerations.
A particular attention is given to the seasonal nature of sugarcane production coupled with year-long demand for bioenergy which requires as consequence planning and oversight at national level towards the maintenance of stocks that stabilizes prices and avoids scarcities between harvests.
Source:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1285e/i1285e03.pdf
Wind Power
The Brazil´s National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) has already approved 92 new wind power plants, with the capacity to generate 6.243 MW, in its vast majority located in the Northeastern region of Brazil.
Nevertheless wind energy can only be well established in the Brazilian Market if is produced at competitive cost. However wind power is still expensive in comparison with conventional energy in the country. For this reason in other to acquire more competitiveness and to correct market imperfections the Brazilian authorities has started a series of auctions in this sector and has sent tender invitations at national and international level.
Nonetheless, Brazil needs to define a longer term program with projections of how much it can rely on wind power in the future and at what price. At moment wind power price and legislation are also undefined.
Source:
Economic Regulation in Wind power generation in the Northeast area of Brazil: Actual situation and tendencies
http://www.workoutenergy.com.br/abar/cbr/Trab1108.pdf
Solar Power
In Brazil Concentrate Solar Power (CSP) are found in the southern areas, whereas photovoltaic (PV) are found in the northern areas of the country, this is due Brazil´s climate conditions and availability of more water in the southern areas, in this region energy derived from CSP is designated for residential consumption.
At moment there are many projects on planning and operation stages towards the utilization of solar power in the country, particularly on expanding and investing in photovoltaic systems with the objective to serve isolated and poorer communities.
Besides technical, scientific and financial support received by many Brazilian organizations and institutions, solar power projects have also been receiving international from international entities such as: the German agency of Technical Cooperation ( GTZ) and from the American National Renewable Energy Laboratory – (NREL/DOE).
Why solar power is the renewable energy receiving the lowest Investment in Brazil?
Although Brazil possess good irradiation conditions and opportunities to utilize Solar power alongside conventional energy sources it also has big barriers that pushes further investment and implementations of this renewable energy technology away.
Some of these barriers are:
- Presence and competition of alternative renewable energies like hydropower, biomass and wind power in the country.
- High production costs.
- Lack of finance mechanism.
- Lack of national police that permits the development of solar power market.
- Lack of regulations that allows the inclusion and connection of solar power into electric power grids.
- Need to establish stronger national fiscal incentives for solar power.
- Need to promote the development of a national solar power industry including businesses inside its production chain.
- Need to promote a national technological and scientific program in this field.tp://www.aspe.es.gov.br/PALESTRAS/III%20Forum%20de%20Energia/Maur%C3%
http://www.aspe.es.gov.br/PALESTRAS/III%20Forum%20de%20Energia/Maur%C3%ADcio%20Moszkowicz.pdf
Hydropower: Itaipu video
MegaStructures – Itaipu Dam [1/4]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeXnMZDaH08
Germany
Renewable Energies in Germany
In the first half year of 2011 renewable energies jumped for the first time above 20 percent of the total share of electricity in Germany. They provided 57.3 billion KWh (first half year 2010: 50.4) which covered 20.8 percent of the German electricity supply. Wind energy remains the most important renewable energy with a share of 7.5 (2010: 6.6) percent or 20.7 billion KWh. The second largest part provides biomass with 5.6 (5.4) percent. Interesting is the third place: due to new capacities and sunny early months of the year photovoltaic solar could almost double its share and provides 3.5 (2.0) percent. Thus it overtook hydro power for the first time which produced only 3.3 (3.6) percent due to weather conditions.
The reasons for the boost in new photovoltaic installations are the relatively low prices for the equipment which have decreased by 50 percent since 2006 and the decision of the government against the planned cut in subsidies for private solar-power generation. Germany is planning to phase out nuclear power completely by 2022. Until then the goal is to provide 35 percent of production from renewable energies.
The geothermal power generation in Germany is still in its infancy. There are efforts made to improve its competitiveness. Until now there are four plants which produce electricity out of geothermal power. Even though the regulations are strict and plants have to be licensed in any case by the authority many more projects are planned and it is expected to increase the share of geothermal generated electricity next year. However the direct use of geothermal is already relatively widespread. Currently there are about 334 000 heat pumps installed in Germany. There is expected to be an enormous increase of new heat pumps for the direct use of geothermal.
The potential for marine energy is relatively low in Germany. Main reason for this is the geographic framework. Nonetheless Germany contributes know-how to the development of the needed technologies.
Resources:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermie#.28Rechtliche.29_Situation_in_Deutschland
http://www.bdew.de/internet.nsf/id/DE_20110829-PI-Erneuerbare-liefern-mehr-als-20-Prozent-des-Stroms
http://www.erdwaerme-zeitung.de/meldungen/waermepumpen—absatzboom–888787866543.php
http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,783314,00.html
Italy
Most important Renewable Energy Source (RES) in Italy is hydropower, contributing to 16.6% of total gross electricity production of the country. Italy has also large geothermal resources, both high and low temperature: it is the most important producer of geothermal electricity in Europe. Despite strong growth in sectors such as onshore wind, biogas and biodiesel, Italy is far from the targets. Firstly, there is a large element of uncertainty due to political changes and ambiguities in current policy design. Secondly, there are administrative constraints such as complex authorization procedures at local level. Thirdly, there are financial barriers such as high grid connection costs. The Italian government is working out the details of more ambitious support mechanisms for the development and use of RES. Italy may be on the verge of moving towards a feed-in tariff-based renewable energy rebate scheme, similar to successful models implemented in Germany and Spain. Italian Government is developing a national building law that will ensure that solar thermal installations are installed in new and refurbished buildings and will assist in increasing the market penetration for RES-H&C technologies. The Italian nuclear power referendum of November 1987 rejected the expansion of the country’s nuclear power industry by the construction of new nuclear power plants. Subsequently, the Italian government decided in 1988 to phase out existing plants.
Policy
At the end of 2007 the Italian government has introduced some new provisions for renewable power generators. Small generators (up to 1MW, with exception of wind plants, whose limit is 200kW) will have the choice between selling their green certificates on the market and receiving a feed-in tariff. The renewable energy obligation for Italian suppliers will increase annually by 0.75% to 2012 (instead of the former 0.35%), starting from the 2007 share of 3.05%. After 2012, a new annual increase percentage will be established by the Italian government. 4
RES TARGETS Mandatory targets set by the Directive on the Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
- 17% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
- At least 10% share of renewable energy in final consumption of energy in transport by 2020.
Progress towards the Targets
The Share of RES-e in the total electricity consumption was of about 15,7% in 2007, 16.6.% in 2006, in 2005 13.93%, so smoothly Italy is moving towards it s 25% target by 2010 but still is far from reaching it. Italy aims for a RES-e share of 25% of gross electricity consumption by 2010. But then the Italian Government declared that a more probable target would be 22%.
For biofuels, Italy’s Decree 128/2005 set a reference value of 1% by 2005, which is lower than the 2% reference value in the EU Directive.
Main supporting policies
In order to promote RES-E, Italy has adopted the following schemes:
- Priority access to the grid system is granted to electricity from RES and CHP plants.
- An obligation for electricity generators to feed a given proportion of RES-E into the
power system. In 2006, the target percentage was 3.05%. In case of non-compliance,
sanctions are foreseen, but enforcement in practice is considered difficult because of
ambiguities in the legislation.
- Tradable Green Certificates (which are tradable commodities proving that certain
electricity is generated using renewable energy sources) are used to fulfil the RES-E
obligation. The price of such a certificate stood at 109 EUR/MWh in 2005.
- A feed-in tariff for PV exists. This is a fixed tariff, guaranteed for 20 years and
adjusted annually for inflation.
National legislation is being developed, both for RES-H and for biofuels. Subsidies are
already in place for bioethanol production and tax exemptions for biodiesel production.
As yet, no national policy framework exists that supports RES-H. In the meantime, certain
regional and local governments have introduced some measures to promote RES. These
have taken the form of incentives for solar thermal heating and compulsory installation of
solar panels in new or renovated buildings.
Sources:
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/doc/factsheets/renewables/renewables_it_en.pdf
http://www.erec.org/fileadmin/erec_docs/Projcet_Documents/RES2020/ITALY_RES_Policy_Review_09_Final.pdf
http://www.planbleu.org/publications/atelier_energie/IT_National_Study_Final.pdf
Comments Off on Renewable energies Group 6 [Marie, Luca, Patricia] /
15 Nov 2011
por
Luca Palma
IMSD /
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