Overview of Renewable Energies in Colombia, Costa Rica, Italy and Malawi

 

Group:

Francesco Mazzeo

Tabithah Dorcus

Natalia Diaz

Laura Rubio

Colombia

·     Renewables in Colombia provide 28,1 MW. It consist of 19,5 MW of wind, 2,6 MW small hydroelectric, and 6 MW photovoltaic. This represents 0.2% of installed capacity in the country.

·     Hydropower is nearly 70% of the country’s energy generation. The potential is 96 GW, while small (20 MW) hydropower projects could generate 25,000 MW.

·     Colombia has a great biomass potential from banana, coffee pulp, and animal residues. The existing potential is of 8.46 million.

·     It has been estimated that Colombia has a wind power potential of 21,000 MW, which would be enough to generate enough power to meet the Colombian power demand twice.

·     Its daily solar average potential is 4,5 kWh/m2. The 6 MW of solar power that has been installed in Colombia comes from 78,000 solar panels.

·     Governmental goals establish that the renewable energies should increase to 20% of the total energy production by 2015 and to 30% by 2020.

 

Wind Map – Colombia

Power Generation in Colombia

Renewable Energy Generation in Colombia

Source: UPME

HYDROPOWER

BIOMASS

EOLIC

GEOTHERMAL

SOLAR

Solar Energy map – Colombia

OPPORTUNITIES

 

LEGISLATION AND INCENTIVES

Sources:
Renewable Energy Opportunities in Colombia. UK Trade and Investment. http://www.ukti.gov.uk/export/countries/americas/southamerica/colombia/sectorbriefing/125424.html

Forero, Nelson L. Presente y Futuro de las Energías Renovables en Colombia. http://www.anes.org/anes/formularios/SemanaNacional/memorias/Cumbre/Cumbre_Colombia_Nelson_L_Forero_Ch.pdf

Sustainable Energy and Biofuel Strategies for Colombia. Mitsubishi Research Institute. November 2010. http://www.minminas.gov.co/minminas/downloads/archivosEventos/6776.pdf


Costa Rica

 

– 90% of the country’s energy comes from  sources such as hydroelectric plants solar panels, geothermal, eolic and biomass plants.

 

– Around 12% of all energy produced in Costa Rica, is with biomass. Now there are 4 main biomass plants manged by the private sector.

 

–  The other 10% of the energy comes from fossil fuels due to the reduce of water in the plants during the  dry season.

 

– The first hydroelectric plant was built in 1958. Now this country has more than 12 hydroelectric plants and 4 main geothermal projects.

 

– The production of big projects of hydroelectric and geothermal energy are managed  by the Costarrican Institute of Electricity (ICE),  however there are several concessions that are giving to  private companies. This concessions are usually obtain by public beats.

 

– Wind Map of Costa Rica and the Caribean:

 

ITALY

Italy as most of the countries is considerably dependent of fossil fuels to generate energy, with an increasing portion occupied by Natural Gas, mostly imported. Italy doesn’t generate nuclear power. Concerning the renewable energies, they accounted for 10,7% of the primary production in 2009, principally Geothermal, Biomass, and Hydropower. Regarding wind and solar energy, trends recently show an increase thanks to subsidies and increasing investments (+124%, 2010). In 2010 Italy added 16,7 GW of power installed from solar and wind energy. Also the electricity generation from renewable is increasing, counting from around 18% in 2008 to over 20% in 2010. This is emphasized by the fact that due to the economic crisis, total production and consumption of electric generation has decreased.

 

Italy (and west Europe) wind map


Italian electricity production from  Biomass over time

Italy Heat flow


Geothermal energy in Italy

Italy is pioneer in the energy transformation of underground heat, as the first plant in the world has been built in Tuscany at the beginning of last century. This area is actually the most indicate as shown in the map to produce such a energy and nowadays the industry delivers more than 5 GWh of electricity per year, accounting for 31 plants all over the national territory. The total capacity installed sums 810 MW, making Italy one of the world leader into the electricity production from geothermal processes.

 

Ocean Energy

This new technology is still in a development phase in Italy, currently tests are conducted in pilot projects. Nonetheless the topic raises great interest to ENEA (governmental agency for economic development and energy technologies): a great spot has been identified in Messina currents in Strait have the potential to produce 15.000 MW, according to a university research in south Italy.

Wave power potential around EU and Italy Coast

 

Support mechanisms

In Italy we mostly refer to direct regulatory price-driven strategies to promote renewables, which makes the process investment focused. In 2010, 24% of the total subsidies (3400 million Euro) has been allocated into photovoltaic thanks to a specific program, turning the technology into the more relieved as the more expensive. The related major problem is that the cost of the subsidy in beard by consumers who experience increases in energy bills to sustain the transition.

Other mechanisms of sustainment  are the Tradeable Green Certificate (TCG) which creates an emission market to transfer the cost of polluting to the conventional forms and a Quota obligation, an obligation for electricity generators to feed a given proportion of RES-e into the power system which binds them to deliver an increasing percentage of energy from renewables (due to EU directive 96/92/CE).

 

Malawi

●      Malawi heavily depends on Biomas ( charcoal, firewood and Agricultural/ Industrial wastes), 93% of the total energy.

●      No oil and gas sources available, generally imported.

●      Coal mainly constitutes 2.5% of the energy in the country.

●      Hydro energy constitutes 94% of the electricity and thermal (6%), has six hydro power plants with total output of 282.5 MW.

●      Hydropower has been hit by dropping water levels due to drought and environmental degradation.

●      Signed a contract with the Millenium Challenge Corporation to improve the power system.

●      Energy regulating body was established in 2007, called Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority

●      The country also has wind sources and its believed that the country could meet all the electricity demand by wind energy only by 2030. Currently no wind farms available, doing research to have a first wind farm in chilunguzi, mwasinga village, Dedza District.

 


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